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Saturday, 11 May 2013

COMPUTER EDUCATION IN INDIA (2013-2014)

 COMPUTER EDUCATION IN INDIA (2013-2014)   



        A silent revolution is taking place in the backwaters of Uttar Pradesh as more and more dalits are turning computer savvy.

UP has a four-crore dalit population and nearly 30 per cent of this is already computer literate. According to the findings of a survey on computer literacy in the state, all computer-savvy dalits may not be owners of a desktop, laptop or tablet, but they know how to operate computers and the younger students are particularly opting for computer education
            Salil Kumar, an intermediate student in Barabanki who is pursuing a computer education course in Lucknow, admitted that computer education was necessary to get a job.
                      “It could be a clerical job, a salesman job or an accountant job — you need to know computers today. You could be highly educated but if you cannot operate a computer, you are considered no good,” he said.
                                    According to the survey, Gautam Buddha Nagar has the highest dalit population having computers or laptops in their homes. Nearly 13.5 per cent dalits in this district own computers. Ghaziabad comes a close second with 13.1 per cent dalits having computers. The percentage of computer homes among dalits is around 5 to 6 per cent in eastern UP districts like Sultanpur, Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ballia, with some exceptions like Ghazipur where 9.8 per cent dalit homes .     Lucknow, the state capital has 8.4 per cent computer-enabled dalit homes.
                 There is no denying the fact that the laptop and tablet scheme of the Akhilesh Yadav government has given a major boost to computer awareness, especially among students and the youth.
                        Vikram Jatav, an unemployed youth, said that he had asked his elder brother to buy him a second hand laptop so that he could search for jobs online.
“I am getting an unemployment allowance but I want a job and it is easier to search for one online. The days of sending applications by post are almost over,” he candidly said.

                         A fresh round of consultations was undertaken in 2010 and a reworked Bill ostensibly drawn up—as of December 2012, the parliamentary standing committee reviewing the Bill said in its report that not enough was done to assuage the concerns of state governments. The committee also said that existing regulatory mechanisms be strengthened instead of being subsumed by a super-regulator.Meanwhile, the racket in higher education carries on. Every year that goes by without reform results in many more millions being turned away by colleges and universities that are beholden to politicians in Delhi. Many observers foolishly salivate at how Delhi University and IIT are more selective than Ivy League schools, without realizing how brainless the comparison is.


                      Why is the government failing to build consensus and pilot through legislation in a timely manner? There is an enormous cost to such ineptitude in governance. According to UNESCO figures, India sent some 200,000 students abroad in 2011, resulting in an outflow of billions of dollars. Since 2000, the number of students going abroad has nearly quadrupled. Tens of thousands of students who cannot afford the high costs of studying abroad are invariably left out, with almost no avenues to attain skills and knowledge to participate in the formal economy. This worsens the income divide.


                         A fresh round of consultations was undertaken in 2010 and a reworked Bill ostensibly drawn up—as of December 2012, the parliamentary standing committee reviewing the Bill said in its report that not enough was done to assuage the concerns of state governments. The committee also said that existing regulatory mechanisms be strengthened instead of being subsumed by a super-regulator.Meanwhile, the racket in higher education carries on. Every year that goes by without reform results in many more millions being turned away by colleges and universities that are beholden to politicians in Delhi. Many observers foolishly salivate at how Delhi University and IIT are more selective than Ivy League schools, without realizing how brainless the comparison is.


                      Why is the government failing to build consensus and pilot through legislation in a timely manner? There is an enormous cost to such ineptitude in governance. According to UNESCO figures, India sent some 200,000 students abroad in 2011, resulting in an outflow of billions of dollars. Since 2000, the number of students going abroad has nearly quadrupled. Tens of thousands of students who cannot afford the high costs of studying abroad are invariably left out, with almost no avenues to attain skills and knowledge to participate in the formal economy. This worsens the income divide.

 

           “It could be the district’s proximity to Delhi which has led to awareness about computers. Most of the dalits owned second hand computers and, surprisingly half of them even known how to tackle minor defects in the machines,” 

                                                                                             SOURCE - INTERNET


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Language of India - HINDI

                  LANGUAGE OF INDIA - HINDI 
                   



                   INTRODUCTION OF HINDI    


               Hindi is the national language of India; but, it is one of several languages spoken in different parts of the sub-continent.  'National' should be understood as meaning the 'official' or 'link' language.  The homeland of Hindi is in the North of India, but it is studied, taught, spoken and understood widely throughout the sub-continent, whether as mother tongue or as a second or a third language.

          Hindi has a special relationship with Urdu: their grammar is virtually identical, and they have a substantial vocabulary in common. However, the two languages part company at a higher level, because Urdu draws the bulk of its vocabulary from Persian and Arabic, while Hindi draws much of its vocabulary from Sanskrit.  Besides, Hindi is written in Devnagari script, while Urdu is written in a modified form of the Arabic script.

        Hindi has many different styles and speech registers, appropriate in different contexts. At the most colloquial level it reflects more the common ground with Urdu, while in formal and official contexts a more Sanskritized style is found.

         The language of this course is that which is used unselfconciously by Hindi speakers and writers in the various, mainly informal situations, which are introduced. We have included some of the English language words here, which are freely used in conversations by the Hindi speakers.

Script & Sound System

         Hindi is written in Devnagari or 'Nagari' script.  The script is phonetic; so that Hindi, unlike English, is pronounced as it is written. Therefore, it is to learn the characters of the script and the sounds of the language at the same time.

Pronuciations Hints 

   Each Devnagari character is followed by its Roman transliteration. The transliteration shows each consonant to end in 'a' : this is because in the absence of any other vowel sign, the Devnagari consonant is followed by an inherent 'a' sound (pronounced like the 'a' in 'majority'), unless it occurs at the end of the word, when it is not pronouced, or is silenced. Thus each Devnagari character represents a syllable, and the totality is strictly speaking a 'syllabary' rather than an 'alphabet'. Note that Devnagari has no capital letters.

          There are two features in Hindi characters that require special attention (as these do not occur in English): first is the  contrast between aspirated and non-aspirated consonants, and the second is that between dental and retroflex consonants.

            Aspirated consonants are those produced with an audible expulsion of breath and non-aspirated are pronounced with minimal breath.  Hindi distinguishes unaspirated 'ka' and 'ta' from aspirated 'kha' and 'tha'.

               Second contrast is between dental and retroflex consonants, for example, ta and da from t. and d.  In dental consonants the tongue touches the upper front teeth, whereas with the retroflex consonants the tip of the tongue is curled upwards against the palate, and when the tongue is released from this position it gives the Indian retroflex sound.  The nearest  approximations in English to these distinctions are the dental-like 't' which is sometime heard in the pronunciation of the word  'eighth', and the retroflex-like 't' in 'true' and the dental-like 'd' in 'breadth', and the retroflex-like 'd' in 'drum'.

              There are 33 consonants and 11 vowels in Hindi.  Additionally, there are also many conjunct consonants. Hindi consonants are divided into groups on the basis of phonetic properties of their formations: plosives, nasals, fricatives, flapped and tapped sounds, and semi vowels.

Social Customs

                 The customary Hindu greetings are 'namaste' or 'namaskar', often said with hands folded in front of the chest. These are all-purpose greetings, covering the English 'hello', 'Good morning', 'Goodbye', etc.
Though one wouldn't say 'namastay' as frequently or casually as English speaker would say 'Hi' and/or 'Hello'.

                         The word 'jii' can always be added to a man's surname, where it approximates to 'Mr.'-though its tone is rather more cordial; 'sahab' has similar usage.  'Jii' and 'sahab' can also be used after the first or given names of both men and women, or alone, approximating in sense to 'sir' though 'jii' is less formal.

            'Bhai' is literally 'brother',  and is commonly used between males of roughly same status.  The same pattern of use applies with 'bahin' 'sister' among females.

          There are three pronouns for second person in Hindi which relate to the hierarchy in social standings of people.  The grammatically singular pronoun 'tu' is used in situations of intimacy on the one hand and contempt on the other. It is not likely that the learner will need to use it.  The two pronouns that require greatest sensitivity in usage are 'aap' and 'tum', both grammatically plural pronouns meaning 'you'.  'Tum' is familiar pronoun, used between close friends, members of family, and to people of clearly lower status.  'Aap ' is the formal, polite pronoun used to equals and people entitled to respect on account of age, seniority and social standing.  It is safest to use 'aap'.

                  The expression 'kya haal hai' means literally 'what is (your) condition?' and is used in the sense 'how are you generally?';  it is a useful idiomatic expression, very common in conversation.  'Meharbaanii hai' means 'it is (your) kindness', i. e. 'thank you'.  However, there are two words in Hindi which translate 'thank you': 'shukriyaa' and 'dhanyavaad'.  These terms tend to be reserved for occasions of real obligation, but increasingly they are being used along the lines of English 'thank you'.


                                             Grammar    


Nouns:  Hindi nouns are either masculine or feminine.  The grammatical gender of each noun must therefore be learned. There is no definite article 'the' in Hindi.
Masculine nouns are of two types: those ending in a final aa in the singular which changes to 'e' in the plural, and all others, which are the same in singular and plural:
Type 1
larkaaboylarkeboys
kamraaroomkamrerooms
Type 2
makaanhousemakaanhouses
aadmimanaadmimen

Feminine nouns are also of two types:  those ending in ii or iya in the singular which form their plural in iyaan, and all others, which add en in the plural.

Type1
larkiigirllarkiyaangirls
  Type 2
meztablemezentables

Adjectives:

                       Adjectives agree with the nouns they qualify.  Hindi adjectives are of two types: those that inflect (change their endings), and those that are invariable.  Those which inflect, such as 'baraa' 'big', and 'chota' 'small', end in aa in the masculine singular, e in masculine plural and ii in the feminine singular and plural.   The invariable adjectives, like 'saaf' 'clean', never change.

The Sentence:

Hindi uses a different word order than English. The subject usually comes at the begining of the sentence, and the verb comes at the end. The negative 'nahiin' comes just before the verb. 
Normal sentences
English: Subject Verb Object = I speak Hindi
Hindi: Subject Object Verb = I Hindi speak (mein hindi bolti hoon.)

Postpositions:

In English, prepositions such as in , from, etc. precede the words to which they relate. In Hindi , such words are called postpositions, because they follow the words they govern. In Hindi, there are five simple postpositions.  These are:  men (in), par (on), tak (upto, as far as, until); se (from, with, by);  and ko which like se is used in a variety of senses.
dilli menin Delhimez paron the table
aagraa sefrom Agrabas seby bus
haath sewith handaaj takuntil today
landan takup to Londonraat koat night
raam koto Ram


Nouns with Postpositions (cases): 

The Hindi noun has two grammatical cases: the direct and the oblique.  Nouns become oblique when they are followed by postpositions. 
Masculine nouns form the oblique before postpositions as follows:
Type 1
Singularkamraakamre men
Pluralkamrekamron men
Type 2
Singularmakaanmakaan men
Pluralmakaanmakanon men
Feminine nouns
Type 1
Singularlarkiilarkii se
Plurallarkiyaanlarkiyon se
             Adjectives must agree with the nouns.  If a noun is in the oblique case, the adjective qualifying that noun must also be in the oblique. Inflecting adjective baraa form both the masculine singular oblique and the masculine plural oblique in bare, and both feminine singular and plural oblique in barii.

Verbs: 

 The Hindi verb is usually quoted in the infinitive form, e. g. bolnaa 'to speak'.  This form consists of the stem bol- plus the infinitive ending naa.The verb must agree with its subject in both number and gender. If the subject is a pronoun, the gender will be that of the noun to which the pronoun refers.  The verbal forms and their pronouns are given below:



Masculine

 

mein boltaa huun

I speak

tu boltaa hai

You speak

tum bolte ho

"

aap bolte hain

"

vah boltaa hai

He speaks

ham bolte hain

We speak

tum bolte ho

You speak (plural)

aap bolte hain

"

ve bolte hain

They speak


Feminine

mein boltii huun

I speak

tu boltii hai

You speak

tum boltii ho

"

aap boltii hain

"

vah boti hai

He speaks

ham boltii hain

We speak

tum boltii ho

You speak (plural)

aap boltii hain

"

ve boltii hain

They speak

 

The Hindi verb distinguishes not only tense-past, present and future- but also different kinds of action: those that are completed (perfective), those that are habitual (imperfective), and those that are going on (continuous).


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India’s Education System Fails to Make the Grade


  India’s Education System Fails to Make the Grade


                                                                                                                                                                                           



       Education is a co-current state level subjects and under the Indian Constitution education is made a Fundamental Right and Directive Principles of State Policy further needed free education and other facilities to children. There is no discrimination among the people on the basis of religion, caste or creed/faith etc. However, the minorities are given right to run their own educational institutions with financial aid from Government and they are free to introduce their religion, language in their institution. Education is compulsory and free upto primary standard.

       Indian education system has a wide structure and the educational institutions can introduce the education or learning pattern as below VA years in pre-nursery schools, in the primary schools upto V class or so. Education is further upgraded upto 10+2 system where the examinations are conducted by the Board at 10 and 12. Thereafter, students are free to choose the courses of their own at any stage, i.e. primary, secondary, senior secondary level.


         Schools are of different levels. Local Boards run the schools upto Primary, V standard, both in mother tongue and English medium. Thereafter the schools may upgrade themselves upto X known as Secondary schools. They can also be upgraded upto 12, called Senior Secondary schools. The education is a co-current (state level) subject and the Central Government cannot interfere in their functioning. As such schools are pre- primary, pre-nursery, then primary, secondary and senior secondary run both by the private bodies as well as by Government.


          Indian schools are not as well organised as they are expected. Private/Public school charge high fee and have control on their institution. They only need the registration by the Centre/State Government or their Bodies and Management. While the Education Department has a loose control over these Private/ Public Schools government has its own schools where the normal fee is charged and the students belong with poor section of society. Overall the condition of government schools is pathetic.At state level School Education has its own organisational set up. Under this democratic set up Education Deptt is supported by the Minister of Education who has a Secretary of Education to supervise the Department with the help of Director Education who belongs to I.A.S. cadre of service. The Department is further divided into districts Deputy, Joint Directors to look after the working of schools.


          Under the educational system Central Board Secondary Education (C.B.S.E) is set up to maintain, the quality in Education and provide minimum qualification of the teaching staff and other necessary requirement for the school and conduct the Exams 10 and 12 standard. It has a control over both Public Private and Government Schools. After the exam; issues certificates of 10th and 12th class/standard this student who passed the Examination. C B.S.E. has its office in New Delhi.Under the Education system to keep the hi standard of Education and to maintain to quality Education an independent body is set up known N.C.E.R.T. that is National Council of Education Research and Training with its Headquarters at N Delhi. This institution published textbooks for t school on all subjects and has a panel of specialists its list. The books are to be taught at schools in t country. It also conducts the competitive examination at all India level for the talent search from primary lei upto graduation and provides stipend or sponsors to that highly talented students.


            Teachers are the backbone of the educational system in India. Government has set up a permanent body for the selection of the teachers known as N.C.T. i.e. National Council of Teachers Education. It conducts the training and selection of the teachers and provides certificate/degree for the teachers which are an essential qualification for the teachers who seek the employment in teaching schools known as B.Ed, or Shastri education.


            MIEPA in set up by the Government to look after the administration and planning of education in the country the body is known as National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration. It looks ail the work of the educational /teaching/administration under the ministry of HRD an autonomous body.


        Kendriya Vidyalay Organisation (KVO) was set up under the Education Ministry, Government of India, New Delhi. It established 10+2 system in schools all over the country for the Government employees who use to effect posted or transferred in the country. It is good for the Central Government employees and schools are run on the medium of English from primary to twelfth standard.


       State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are set up in all the states to look after the training and research work on the lines of NCERT which is at all India level. Its refresher courses, even modifies the curriculum of the schools and textbooks arc written for the secondary level standard in the state. It also arranges seminars, discusses and refresher courses for the teaching staff.


         There are a number of educational institutions at the District level. A Distt. Officer/ Inspector of schools looks after the educational institutions in his/her district. He/She also coordinates the different activities upto the Commissioner, State level in each district. Under this scheme, a college (Inter) 10+2 on the Government expenses is to be spent in each District and other schools are under his observation. Besides, a training centre for Primary teachers, or other refresher courses also opened in the district. The recruitment institute for the teachers, examination centers and the Boards offices are also on the line, such as Minorities schools.


         Local educational institutions play an important role in the area of education. As our country is poor and cannot afford the heavy expenses of Educational institutions, local education body's arc allowed opening their schools and Government recognizes these institutions at par with the Government institutions. Minority institutions have their own schools with their own expenses or Government grants in-aid. But they fill the gap and help the Government to reduce its burden.

                                    "The Indian education system is pretty good, but as with all other avenues it as been completely corrupted and its value undermined as a result. An Indian degree for this reason does not have too much value elsewhere, because most people know how easy it to buy a degree here. Apart from that bribery and leaking of papers are common place. The system itself in certain fields of education is extremely backward and too rigid with no scope for diversification. At the higher education level the amount of diversity and choice yo have in foreign universities is mind boggling, while here it's almost non existent. Our schooling system though is quite good". 


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                                                                               -SOURCE INTERNET


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Friday, 10 May 2013

THE GREATEST INDIAN BHAGAT SINGH

            THE GREATEST  INDIAN BHAGAT SINGH   


Born: September 28, 1907, Faisalabad


Died: March 23, 1931, Lahore

Full name: Bhagat Singh

Nationality: Indian

Parents: Vidyavati, Sardar Kishan Singh Sandhu

 Education:Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System, National College, Lahore

             Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907 at Banga in Lyallpur district (now Pakistan) to Kishan Singh and Vidya Vati. From his early childhood, Bhagat Singh was imbued with the family's spirit of patriotism. At the time of his birth, his father Kishan Singh was in jail. His uncle, Sardar Ajit Singh, was a great freedom fighter and established the Indian Patriots' Association. He was well-supported by his friend Syed Haidar Raza, in organizing the peasants against the Chenab Canal Colony Bill. Ajit Singh had 22 cases against him and was forced to flee to Iran. Bhagat Singh was considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of Indian Nationalist Movement. He became involved with numerous revolutionary organizations. 


            Kishan Singh enrolled Bhagat Singh in Dayanand Anglo Vedic High School. At a very young age, Bhagat Singh started following Non-Cooperation Movement called by Mahatma Gandhi. Bhagat Singh had openly defied the British and had followed Gandhi's wishes by burning the government-sponsored books. Following the violent incidents of "Chauri Chaura", Gandhi called for the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation movement. Unhappy with the decision, Bhagat Singh, isolated himself from Gandhi's nonviolent action and joined the Young Revolutionary Movement. 


         He was pursuing B.A. examination when his parents planned to have him married. He vehemently rejected the suggestion and said that, if his marriage was to take place in Slave-India, my bride shall be only death." Singh later joined the Hindustan Republican Association, a radical group, later known as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. He returned to his home in Lahore after assurances from his parents that he would not be compelled to get married. He established contact with the members of the Kirti Kisan Party and started contributing regularly to its magazine, the "Kirti". In March 1926, the Naujawan Bharat Sabha was formed with Bhagat Singh, as its secretary. 


            On 30 October 1928, an all-parties procession, led by Lala Lajpat Rai, marched towards the Lahore railway station to protest against the arrival of the Simon Commission. Stopping the procession, police made a lathi charge at the activists. The confrontation left Lala Lajpat Rai with severe injuries and also led to his death. As an avenge to the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh and his associates plotted the assassination of Scott, the Superintendent of Police, believed to have ordered the lathi charge. The revolutionaries, mistaking J.P. Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as Scott, killed him instead. Bhagat Singh quickly left Lahore to escape his arrest. To avoid recognition, he shaved his beard and cut his hair, a violation of the sacred tenets of Sikhism.


                In response to the formulation of Defence of India Act, the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association planned to explode a bomb inside the assembly premises, where the ordinance was going to be passed. On April 8 1929 Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb onto the corridors of the assembly and shouted 'Inquilab Zindabad!' The bomb was not meant to kill or injure anyone and therefore it was thrown away from the crowded place. Following the blasts both Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt courted arrest
Trial and Death


     The British authority, while interrogating them, came to know about their involvement in the murder of J. P. Saunders. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were charged with the murder. Singh admitted to the murder and made statements against the British rule during the trial.

 
         While in jail, Bhagat Singh found that the authorities were following a dual policy in treating the prisoners. The criminals of foreign origin were treated better than Indian political prisoners. As a protest, he along with some fellow prisoners declared to "go on hunger strike". The strike continued for over a month and finally the British had to accept before their conditions. 


      Bhagat Singh along with other revolutionaries found responsible for the Assembly bombing and murder of Saunders. On March 23, 1931, Bhagat Singh was hanged in Lahore with his fellow comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev. Singh was cremated at Hussainiwala on banks of Sutlej river.


      At that time, there was a powerful anti-foreign cloth movement in the country. Bhagat Singh took part in this movement and wore onlyKhadi. He would collect foreign clothes and burn them. Bhagat Singh had no faith in non-violence and non-cooperation movement and believed that armed revolution was the only practical way of winning freedom. He went to Lahore and formed a group called 'Naujavan Bharat Sabha' which consisted of young Indians and was appointed its Secretary. Here he was introduced to Chandrasekhar Azad, another young revolutionary, with whom he formed a great bond. All these days he had been a hero of the Sikhs; he now became a national hero.


      In February 1928, the Simon Commission, headed by Sir John Simon, came to India to decide how much freedom and responsibility could be given to the people of India. But there was no Indian on the committee, so people decided to boycott it. Wherever the committee went, people protested with black flags, shouting “Simon go back”. One such procession that was lathi charged was led by Lala Lajpat Rai. A British police officer hit Lalaji on the chest. Lalaji died after some days. To averige Lalaji's death, Bhagat Singh and two other revolutionaries Sukhdev and Rajguru shot dead Saunders, the police officer responsible. The three were arrested later for throwing a bomb in the Delhi Assembly Hall and sentenced to death. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged a day before the appointed day on March 23rd, 1931. He has rightfully been given the title of Shaheed-e-Azam (King of Martyrs).


          At that time, there was a powerful anti-foreign cloth movement in the country. Bhagat Singh took part in this movement and wore onlyKhadi. He would collect foreign clothes and burn them. Bhagat Singh had no faith in non-violence and non-cooperation movement and believed that armed revolution was the only practical way of winning freedom. He went to Lahore and formed a group called 'Naujavan Bharat Sabha' which consisted of young Indians and was appointed its Secretary. Here he was introduced to Chandrasekhar Azad, another young revolutionary, with whom he formed a great bond. All these days he had been a hero of the Sikhs; he now became a national hero.


          In February 1928, the Simon Commission, headed by Sir John Simon, came to India to decide how much freedom and responsibility could be given to the people of India. But there was no Indian on the committee, so people decided to boycott it. Wherever the committee went, people protested with black flags, shouting “Simon go back”. One such procession that was lathi charged was led by Lala Lajpat Rai. A British police officer hit Lalaji on the chest. Lalaji died after some days. To averige Lalaji's death, Bhagat Singh and two other revolutionaries Sukhdev and Rajguru shot dead Saunders, the police officer responsible. The three were arrested later for throwing a bomb in the Delhi Assembly Hall and sentenced to death. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged a day before the appointed day on March 23rd, 1931. He has rightfully been given the title of Shaheed-e-Azam (King of Martyrs).

                       Bhagat Singh was among the prominent revolutionaries who shaped the base of a grand national movement. Following his execution, on March 23, 1931, the supporters and followers of Bhagat Singh regarded him as a "Shaheed", "martyr". 

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