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Friday, 10 May 2013

GOD OF CRICKET - SACHIN TENDULKAR

    GOD OF CRICKET - SACHIN TENDULKAR
   

                                                          Sachin Tendulkar was born April 24, 1973 in Bombay, India. Given his first cricket bat at the age 11, Tendulkar was just 16 when he became India's youngest Test cricketer. In 2005 he became the first cricketer to score 35 centuries (100 runs in a single inning) in Test play. In 2007 Tendulkar reached another major milestone, becoming the first player to record 15,000 runs in one-day international play.


                

Records of Sachin Tendulkar

   

      



Test Cricket




  • Sachin was the third youngest debutant (16 years 205 days) in test cricket.
  • His career average from 1989 to 2012 is 193 Tests, 15,638 runs at 54.68
  • Highest run scorer in the history of Test cricket with 15,638 Test runs
  • He became the first Indian to surpass the 11,000 Test run mark
  • Sachin and Brian Lara are the fastest to score 10,000 runs in 195 innings
  • Scored his 100th century on 16th March 2012 in the Asia Cup against Bangladesh
  • Highest number (51) of Test centuries
  • Holds the current record of 217 against New Zealand for the highest score in Test cricket by an Indian when captaining in the 1999/2000 Season
  • Highest number (20) of 150+ score in Test Cricket
  • When he scored his maiden century in 1990, he was the second youngest to score a century.
  • Scored world record of 8705 runs in Tests away from home
  • Scored world record of 29 Centuries in Tests away from home
  • First player to reach 12,000-13,000-14,000-15,000 Test runs
  • Record for scoring most 1,000 Test runs in a calendar year six times
  • Fourth highest run-getter in a single calendar year in Test History
  • Created a world record for aggregating most runs in the fourth innings
  • The only cricketer to score 100 centuries in International Cricket (Test and ODI)

  • His record of 5 centuries before he turned 20 year is a current world record

  • Has scored centuries against all Test playing nations


ODI cricket



  • Played 463 matches and made 185 consecutive ODI appearances
  • The only player ever to cross the 14,000-15,000-16,000-17,000 and 18,000 run marks
  • First player to reach 10,000-11,000-12,000-13,000-14,000-15,000-16,000-17,000 and 18,000 ODI runs
  • Scored the most (49) centuries
  • Sachin and Virender Sehwag are the only cricketers ever to score a double hundred in ODI
  • Most ODI runs (1,894) in a calendar year 1998
  • Most centuries (9) in a calendar year 1998
  • Sachin along with Sourav Ganguly hold the world record for the maximum number of runs scored by the opening partnership
  • Sachin was the second youngest debutant in ODI cricket
  • Sachin holds the record for being the first batsman to score the most runs (200) in an ODI Innings
  • Scored the most runs (18426 runs in 452 innings) in ODI cricket

  • Sachin along with Rahul Dravid hold the world record for the highest partnership in ODI matches
  • Has been involved in six 200 run partnerships in ODI matches
  • Most runs (2,278) in World Cup Cricket
  • Player Of The World Cup Tournament in the 2003 Cricket World Cup
  • Opened Batting 340 times in ODI cricket
  • Most overall runs in international cricket (ODIs+Tests+Twenty20)
  • Record of getting out the maximum number of times in the 90s in international matches


Awards and Achievements



  • 1994: Arjuna Award Recipient for achievements in Cricket
  • 1997: One of the five cricketers selected as Wisden Cricketer of the Year
  • 1997/98: Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna - India's highest sporting honour
  • 1999: Padma Shri - India's fourth highest civilian award
  • 2003 - The "Greatest Sportsman" of the country in the Best of India poll by Zee News
  • 2006 - One of the Asian Heroes by Time magazine
  • 2006 - Sports person of the Year
  • 2008: Padma Vibhushan - India's second highest civilian award
  • 2009 - Time magazine included Sachin's Test Debut in Top 10 Sporting Moments
  • 2010: LG People's Choice Award
  • 2010 - Sports Icon of the Year for 21 years at the NDTV Indian of the Year Awards
  • 2010 - One of the world's 100 most influential people in "The 2010 TIME 100" poll by Time magazine
  • 2010: ICC Cricketer of the year - Highest award in the ICC listings
  • 2004, 2007 and 2010: ICC World ODI XI
  • 2009, 2010 and 2011: ICC World Test XI
  • 1997, 2010 and 2012: Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World
  • Sachin has won a record 16 Man of the Series and 62 Man of the Match awards in ODI Matches
  • Sachin has the distinction of having won Man of the Match Award against all ICC Full Members 



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Emperor Ashoka The Great


                                                             

                      Emperor Ashoka The Great


                 


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       Asoka was one of the most powerful kings of the Indian subcontinent. A ruler of the Mauryan Empire, Ashoka ruled over the country from 273 BC to 232 BC. The reign of Emperor Asoka covered most of India, South Asia and beyond, stretching from present day Afghanistan and parts of Persia in the west, to Bengal and Assam in the east, and Mysore in the south. However, the Battle of Kalinga changed King Asoka completely. From a power hungry emperor, he turned into a Buddhist follower and started preaching the principles of Buddhism throughout the world. Read on this biography to know more about the life history of 'Ashoka the Great':


Early Life

       Asoka was born in 304 BC, to Mauryan Emperor Bindusara and a relatively lower ranked queen, Dharma. The legend associated with the emperor goes that his birth had been predicted by Buddha, in the story of 'The Gift of Dust'. Buddhist Emperor Ashoka had only one younger sibling, Vitthashoka, but, several elder half-brothers. Right from his childhood days Ashoka showed great promise in the field of weaponry skills as well as academics. 


Accession to the Throne

          Asoka quickly grew into an excellent warrior general and an astute statesman. His command on the Mauryan army started growing day by day and because of this, his elder brothers became suspicious of him being favored by Bindusara as the next emperor. The eldest son of Bindusara, Prince Susima, convinced him to send Asoka to Takshashila province (in Sindh) to control an uprising caused by the formation of different militias. However, the moment Ashoka reached the province, the militias welcomed him with open arms and the uprising came to an end without any fight. This particular success of Asoka made his elder brothers, especially Susima, more insecure. 

            Susima started inciting Bindusara against Ashoka, who was then sent into exile by the emperor. Asoka went to Kalinga, where he met a fisherwoman named Kaurwaki. He fell in love with her and later, made Kaurwaki his second or third wife. Soon, the province of Ujjain started witnessing a violent uprising. Emperor Bindusara called back Ashoka from the exile and sent him to Ujjain. The prince was injured in the ensuing battle and was treated by Buddhist monks and nuns. It was in Ujjain that Asoka first came to know about the life and teachings of Buddha. In Ujjain, he also met Devi, his personal nurse, who later became his wife. 

             In the following year, Bindusura became seriously ill and was literally on his deathbed. A group of ministers, led by Radhagupta, called upon Ashoka to assume the crown. In the fight that followed his accession, Ashoka attacked Pataliputra, now Patna, and killed all his brothers, including Susima. After he became the King, Ashoka launched brutal assaults to expand his empire, which lasted for around eight years. Around this time, his Buddhist queen, Devi, gave birth to Prince Mahindra and Princess Sanghamitra.


The Battle of Kalinga

The battle of Kalinga (now Orissa) became a turning point in the life of 'Asoka the Great'. The exact reason for the battle is not known. However, it is believed that one of Ashoka's brothers took refuge at Kalinga and this enraged Asoka, who launched a brutal assault on the province. The whole of the province was plundered and destroyed and thousands of people were killed. 


Embracing & Spreading Buddhism

It is said that after the battle of Kalinga was over, King Asoka went on a tour of the city. He could see nothing except burnt houses and scattered corpses. This was the first time in his life that Emperor Ashoka realized the consequences of wars and battles. It is said that even after he had returned to Patliputra, he was haunted by the scenes he saw in Kalinga. Even his queen, Devi, who was a Buddhist, left him after seeing the brutality at Kalinga. 

         It was during this time that he embraced Buddhism under the Brahmin Buddhist sages, Radhaswami and Manjushri. After adopting Buddhism, Asoka started propagating its principles throughout the world, even as far as ancient Rome and Egypt. Infact, he can be credited with making the first serious attempt to develop a Buddhist policy. 


Policy

         Buddhist Emperor Asoka built thousands of Stupas and Viharas for Buddhist followers. One of his stupas, the Great Sanchi Stupa, has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNECSO. The Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath has a four-lion capital, which was later adopted as the national emblem of the modern Indian republic. Throughout his life, 'Asoka the Great' followed the policy of nonviolence or ahimsa. Even the slaughter or mutilation of animals was abolished in his kingdom. He promoted the concept of vegetarianism. The caste system ceased to exist in his eyes and he treated all his subjects as equals. At the same time, each and every person was given the rights to freedom, tolerance, and equality.
 

Missions to Spread Buddhism

        The third council of Buddhism was held under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. He also supported the Vibhajjavada sub-school of the Sthaviravada sect, now known as the Pali Theravada. He sent his missionaries to the following places:
  • Kashmir - Gandhara Majjhantika
  • Mahisamandala (Mysore) - Mahadeva
  • Vanavasi (Tamil Nadu) - Rakkhita
  • Aparantaka (Gujarat and Sindh) - Yona Dhammarakkhita
  • Maharattha (Maharashtra) - Mahadhammarakkhita
  • "Country of the Yona" (Bactria/ Seleucid Empire) - Maharakkhita
  • Himavanta (Nepal) - Majjhima
  • Suvannabhumi (Thailand/ Myanmar) - Sona and Uttara
  • Lankadipa (Sri Lanka) - Mahamahinda
His missionaries also went to the below mentioned places:
  • Seleucid Empire (Middle Asia)
  • Egypt
  • Macedonia
  • Cyrene (Libya)
  • Epirus (Greece and Albania)
Death

      After ruling over the Indian subcontinent for a period of approximately 40 years, the Great Emperor Asoka left for the holy abode in 232 BC. After his death, his empire lasted for just fifty more years.




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Wednesday, 8 May 2013

SEX RATIO IN INDIA 2012-2013

                             SEX RATIO IN INDIA 2012-2013



The continuous decline in numbers of girls in the age group 0-6 years compared with boys in several states has shocked demographers in India and has made policy makers sit up and take notice. A new report, Missing, released by the United Nations Population Fund on 20 October, maps the adverse sex ratio among children.India's population stood at 1.03 billion on 1 March 2001, having risen 21% between 1991 and 2001. “What did not rise, but rather declined shockingly, was the sex ratio,” says the report.The sex ratio, calculated as number of girls per 1000 boys in the 0-6 age group, declined from 945 girls per 1000 …


2011 Census2001 Census
-India940623,724,248586,469,174933532,223,090496,514,3467
1Kerala108416,021,29017,366,387105815,468,61416,372,76026
2Puducherry1038610,485633,9791001486,961487,38437
3Tamil Nadu99536,158,87135,980,08798631,400,90931,004,7709
4Andhra Pradesh99242,509,88142,155,65297838,527,41337,682,59414
5Chhattisgarh99112,827,91512,712,28199010,474,21810,359,5851
6Manipur9871,369,7641,351,9929781,161,9521,131,9449
7Meghalaya9861,492,6681,471,3399751,176,0871,142,73511
8Orissa97821,201,67820,745,68097218,660,57018,144,0906
9Mizoram975552,339538,675938459,109429,46437
10Himachal Pradesh9743,473,8923,382,6179703,087,9402,989,9604
11Goa968740,711717,012960687,248660,4208
12Karnataka96831,057,74230,072,96296426,898,91825,951,6444
13Uttarakhand9635,154,1784,962,5749644,325,9244,163,425-1
14Tripura9611,871,8671,799,1659501,642,2251,556,97811
15Assam95415,954,92715,214,34593213,777,03712,878,49122
16West Bengal94746,927,38944,420,34793441,465,98538,710,21213
17Jharkhand94716,931,68816,034,55094113,885,03713,060,7926
18Maharashtra94658,361,39754,011,57592250,400,59646,478,03124
19Lakshadweep94633,10631,32394731,13129,519-1
20Nagaland9311,025,707954,8959091,047,141942,89522
21Madhya Pradesh93037,612,92034,984,64592031,443,65228,904,37110
22Rajasthan92635,620,08633,000,92692229,420,01127,087,1774
23Arunachal Pradesh920720,232662,379901579,941518,02719
24Gujarat91831,482,28228,901,34692126,385,57724,285,440-3
25Bihar91654,185,34749,619,29092143,243,79539,754,714-5
26Uttar Pradesh908104,596,41594,985,06289887,565,36978,632,55210
27Punjab89314,634,81913,069,41787412,985,04511,373,95419
28Sikkim889321,661286,027875288,484252,36714
29Jammu and Kashmir8836,665,5615,883,3659005,360,9264,782,774-17
30Andaman and Nicobar Islands878202,330177,614846192,972163,18032
31Haryana87713,505,13011,847,95186111,363,9539,780,61116
32Delhi8668,976,4107,776,8258217,607,2346,243,27345
33Chandigarh818580,282474,404773506,938393,69745
34Dadra and Nagar Haveli775193,178149,675811121,66698,824-36
35Daman and Diu618150,10092,81170992,51265,692-91        
   

In the world's largest democracy a massive crisis of missing girls is unfolding, according to India's 2011 census. The latest census shows that the gap between the number of girls per 1,000 boys up to the age of six has widened to 914, a decrease from 927 a decade ago, at the 2001 census. In a country where a large part of the population finds it hard to get access to toilets and clean drinking water, access to illegal foetal sex-selection procedures seems easier.The girl child in India is falling prey to the profit-driven ultrasound industry and doctors who commit foeticide without compunction. The child sex ratio is emblematic of the status of women in the country.More than a dozen female foetuses were found dumped in a city in eastern Bihar state recently, days before the damning child sex ratio was revealed. Although there has been a fall in the rate of population growth(pdf), awareness of family size is accompanied by a greater preference for boys – a trend seen across class and rural-urban divides.Mumbai, India's commercial capital, boasts a ratio of 874 girls, one of the lowest in the country. Jhajjar district in the northern state of Haryana, could well be the capital of female foeticide, with a ratio of 774 girls to 1,000 boys – the state's ratio is 830, down from 861 recorded in the 2001 census. Regions that had more balanced sex ratios, such as the southern and eastern states, are now also registering this trend andresearch shows that even Indians overseas demonstrate similar sex ratios.Sabu M George, an activist with 25 years' experience in the field, said: "There are highly organised vested interests, a powerful lobby of doctors and companies selling ultrasound machines that cater to the sex-determination market." Doctors in India make at least $200m a year by conducting illegal sex-selection procedures, he said.During 1991, in the prosperous states of Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana, 5% of girls were eliminated. Ten years on, in 2001, this climbed to 10%-15%; and 7,000 fewer girls are born every day than ought to be, according to Unicef.Legislation was enacted in 1994 – the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (Prohibition of Sex Selection Act or PNDT) – but that failed to act as a deterrent to potential parents and doctors. A public interest case was filed in 2000 by George and two NGOs, MASUMand CEHAT, citing the government's failure to the implement the law. In 2001, seven years after legislation was enacted, the supreme court directed state governments to enforce it, making special reference to Punjab, Delhi, Bihar, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal. But in the past three years the relevant government committee has not met even once to take stock of the situation, George said.While an estimated 15 million girls were wiped out – simply not born – in India over the last decade, the figure is 25 million in China, where the state's one-child policy has become a one-son policy.Chinese ultrasound manufacturers also see India as their big market. Machines that were meant to be sold only to registered clinics are probably being sold to unauthorised entities. Activists have also criticised companies from the west, such as GE. The company points out that ultrasound is essential for many medical procedures, adding that, while buyers require valid certificates and must produce "affidavits stating that the equipment shall not be used for sex determination … GE's observation is that these laws are not routinely enforced."And it is not just the makers of medical devices who are taking advantage of the situation. Microsoft, Yahoo and Google, for example, have all contributed to the problem. The 1994 law prohibits advertising sex-selection services, often for genetic determination of sex, but those corporations carried online advertising, sponsored links, for sex-selection services. Another public interest case was filed to challenge the online ads.These are signs of the stunted evolution in the status of Indian women. Not surprisingly, India ranks a lowly 112 out of 134 countries in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index for 2010 (pdf).The economic impact of women not contributing to society is clearly lost on many Indians, and the great Indian economic growth story has bypassed women's emancipation.Natural selection would have yielded an additional 600,000 girls every year. This translates into 10 million potential brides after two decades. The horror of how this could unfold is best captured by a chilling, if slightly exaggerated, film called Mathrubhoomi: A Nation Without Women


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