THE GREATEST INDIAN LEADER MAHATMA GANDHI (FATHER OF NATION)

       THE GREATEST INDIAN LEADER    

     MAHATMA GANDHI      " FATHER OF NATION "

Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest political figure and spiritual leader of India ever. He was the pioneer for the Indian independence movement using mass non-violent means of civil disobedience. The life of Mahatma Gandhi was full of selfless acts for suppressed people not just in his homeland of India but South Africa as well. Up until the day he died, Mahatma fought for peace and the rights of all individuals. His final years were spent fighting for harmony among the Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims. He is regarded as the "Father of the Nation" in India and his birthday, October 2nd, is honored annually as a national holiday.                         At the young age of thirteen, Mahatma had an                            arranged marriage to Kasturba Makhanji in May 1883. Kasturba was also only thirteen years old. Between 1888 and 1900 the couple had four sons, Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas. Throughout the life of Mahatma Gandhi, he was never more than just an average student. In 1887, he just barely passed the matriculation exam from the University of Bombay. When Mahatma was 18 he jumped at the chance to study in London and on September 4, 1888 joined the University College of London. Here he studied to be a lawyer, specifically a barrister. M.K. Gandhi was born in the town of Porbander in the state of what is now Gujarat on 2 October 1869. He had his schooling near by Rajkot, where his father served as the adviser or prime minister to the local ruler. Though India was then under British rule, over 500 kingdoms, principalities and states were allowed autonomy in domestic and internal affairs: these were the so-called 'native states'. Rajkot was one such state. Once he gained his bar of England and Wales, Mahatma returned to India to start law practice. He had very little success, and even applied to become a part-time school teacher but was turned down. In 1893, he accepted a contract for a position in a South African firm at Natal for a year.  The Years of South Africa (1893-1914) South Africa caused a dramatic change in M.K. Gandhi as a person. He was frequently faced with discrimination in this country and was even asked to remove his turban by a magistrate one day in court; he refused and rushed out of the room. Another incident was happened when he was beaten and thrown off from a train for riding in first class and refused to sit in third, even with a valid ticket of first class. Other instances occurred and these were the turning points in the life of Mahatma Gandhi. He began to question the racism and prejudice against Indians in South Africa, and then his own people in his own society. After a year, the end of his contract was near and Mahatma prepared for coming back to India. Gandhi had a farewell party arranged for him where he happened to see a newspaper. In it there was an article about a bill being considered in South Africa to deny the Indians a right to vote. He decided to stay and help fight against the bill. He put together several petitions to both the Natal Legislature and the British Government, but he did not stop it from being passed. However, he at once drew the attention to the injustices against the Indian population in South Africa. The next step was for the Indians of South Africa to deny the law and strike. They were to stay non-violent and accept the punishments, this was a method called "satyagraha". For over seven years, the struggle continued and thousands of Indians were imprisoned, but the protesters refused to quit. The South African government was forced to negotiate a compromise with Gandhi and his fellow protestors. Indian Independence Movement (1916-1945) The Indian Independence Movement was an effort to oust Britain, France, and Portugal from India, and gain their independence. It consisted of rebellions, political organizations, and philosophers starting as early as 1857. From 1918 to 1922 the movement was at its strongest. M.K. Gandhi led the Indian National Congress, and launched a series of civil disobedience campaigns that were completely non-violent. He organized large numbers of people and created unity among different cultures, religions, and political beliefs. On March 10, 1922 Gandhi was arrested for agitation and sentenced to six years jail, but after two years he was released in February of 1924. The once unified group that he had created was beginning to split and the bond wasn't as strong. He performed a three-week fasting and tried to strengthen the splitting group that time. But he saw little success. In response, he remained uninvolved for almost the rest of the 1920's. . In 1939 World War 2 broke out. At first he favored the British involvement in the war, but then found out that other Congress leaders were offended the unilateral inclusion of India into the war when its people had no say about it. Gandhi changed his position on this matter and said that he could not support the efforts of the war to spread democracy, when his own country was not getting benefit from it. As the war raged on, so did his attempts to gain independence for India and he called to the British to "Quit India". This movement became the most forceful in history. There were large amounts of violence and arrests. Gandhi made it clear that India would not support the war until they were granted their own freedom. He declared his opposition to the vivisection of India. It is generally conceded, even by his detractors, that the last years of his life were in some respects his finest. He walked from village to village in riot-torn Noakhali, where Hindus were being killed in retaliation for the killing of Muslims in Bihar, and nursed the wounded and consoled the widowed; and in Calcutta he came to constitute, in the famous words of the last viceroy, Mountbatten, a "one-man boundary force" between Hindus and Muslims. The ferocious fighting in Calcutta came to a halt, almost entirely on account of Gandhi's efforts, and even his critics were wont to speak of the Gandhi's 'miracle of Calcutta'. When the moment of freedom came, on 15 August 1947, Gandhi was nowhere to be seen in the capital, though Nehru and the entire Constituent Assembly were to salute him as the architect of Indian independence, as the 'Father of the Nation'. 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